Future clinical studies are therefore required to identify strategies to expand the proportion of patients who benefit from treatment with ICIs through identification of patients likely to respond to ICI therapy, developing strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance, exploring the potential benefit of ICIs for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and better understanding the safety profile of ICI therapy (91, 92). The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.