Both ageing and obesity are tightly associated with “inflammaging” – a chronic low-grade inflammatory state characterized by inflammatory cytokine production and a dynamic reorganization of the adaptive immune compartment associated with co-emergence of exhausted T cells expressing inhibitory receptors including PD-1 and CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T cells (60, 61). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.