TNF and atherosclerosis: The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System (UPS) can activate NF-ĸB [41], which is a master regulator of inflammatory and immune responses through regulation of cytokines (ILl, IL6, and TNFɑ) and cell adhesion molecules (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM) 1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM) 1, E-selectin) in periodontitis and atherosclerosis [42, 58].