TNF and atherosclerosis: Substantial evidence supports HMGB1 as a potential therapeutic target in both periodontitis and atherosclerosis, owing to its interaction with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR), such as Receptor of Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE) and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), as well as its activation of inflammatory cytokines IL1B, IL-6, and TNFɑ [43–45].