Indeed, several independent GWASs reported that rs653178 displayed significant associations with renal function phenotypes (estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C, eGFRcys) and CKD in populations of European and African ancestry (Kottgen, 2010; Kottgen et al., 2010; Boger and Heid, 2011; Liu et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and chronic kidney disease.