PDK1 and rheumatoid arthritis: Tofacitinib inhibits the mRNA expression of HK-II, GLUT1, PFKFB3, 3′-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK-1), and GSK-3α in RA whole-tissue synovial organotypic explants ex vivo, as well as the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β, the key adhesion molecule soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM), and the growth factors TIE-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (145).