To assess the association between lactate and pro-inflammatory cytokines and migration, FLSs were treated with PFK15 for 3 hours and subsequently incubated with 10 mM lactate; results showed that lactate reverses the inhibitory effect of PFKFB3 on the TNF-α-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in RA FLSs (93). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.