TNFRSF9 and malaria: Our previous study found blocking interactions of Gal-9 and its receptors (Tim-3, CD44, CD137, and protein disulfide isomerase) using α-lactose enhances inflammatory response and exacerbates malaria-associated acute lung injury and tissue damage, indicating that Gal-9 interaction with its receptors plays a role in the development of malaria-associated acute lung injury in PbANKA-infected mouse model (26).