Results showed similar transcript patterns in GBM (Figure 5A) and IMR-32 cells (Figure 5B), where inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18 transcripts, were significantly induced at 6 h.p.i. and then declined at 24 and 48 h.p.i. These data suggested that, consistent with early activation of death signaling by PeV-A3 shown in Figure 6, an early response of inflammatory transcript in GBM cells was also detected. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is glioblastoma.