TNF and Glucose intolerance: Additionally, male mice fed a high-fat, high fructose diet (HFrD) demonstrated increased expression of inflammatory cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1_, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which were associated with glucose intolerance and lipid accumulation (201).