Currently, existing studies on MMD and inflammation have focused on inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-12 (IL-12), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (5, 7–9). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is multiminicore myopathy.