Supportively, AF patients and animals show the coordinated transcriptional down-regulation of FAO-related enzymes (especially AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator1α (PGC1α), and CPT1B) and concomitant up-regulation of glycolysis-related enzymes in atria (Barth et al., 2005; Tu et al., 2014; Mourtzinis et al., 2018; Jie et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene CPT1B and atrial fibrillation.