PPARA and atrial fibrillation: Besides, in agreement with inactivated AMPK signaling in atria in long-standing AF (Harada et al., 2015), restoring FAO targeting AMPK, PPAR-α or PGC1α (Metformin, AICAR, Fenofibrate and β3AR) (Yu et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2016; Bai et al., 2019; Deshmukh et al., 2021; Ostropolets et al., 2021) have been confirmed to suppress AF inducibility.