Supportively, AMPK, an effective lipid metabolism accelerator, and its downstream effectors, PPAR-α/PGC-1α signals, both have been proposed as alternative metabolic modulations to combat AF (Harada et al., 2015; Bai et al., 2019; Ostropolets et al., 2021). Here, PPARGC1A is linked to atrial fibrillation.