VDR and colitis: In experimental model of colitis, supplementation of butyrate stimulate VDR genetic expression and protein production, with amelioration of the colonic inflammation (Wu et al., 2015b), even though the exact contribution of the VDR pathway for the anti-inflammatory effect of butyrate is not completely elucidated, considering the concomitant activation of the cell surface G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A, potentially involved for the immunomodulatory effect of butyrate in intestinal mucosa (Parada Venegas et al., 2019).