Since microglia and astrocytes are the resident immune cells that defend the host against infection or injury, and since bacterial LPS was detected in the PVWM of AD brains, we determined whether microglia and astrocytes were associated with LPS in the PVWM of AD brains compared to controls using the Iba1 microglial marker and the GFAP astrocyte marker. The gene discussed is AIF1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.