Over-activated microglia continuously release inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, nitric oxide (NO), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1; Ishizuka et al., 1997; Akiyama et al., 2000; Fang et al., 2010; Magni et al., 2012), which eventually leads to the enduring chronic neuroinflammatory environment of AD. The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is Alzheimer disease.