CTLA4 and neoplasm: Furthermore, the GSEA of hallmark gene sets indicated that the upregulated genes in the high-risk subgroup were enriched in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, consistent with previous findings that the activation of tumor-intrinsic β-catenin pathway could induce T-cell exclusion, thereby causing resistance to PD-L1 or CTLA-4 blockade immunotherapy [158].