TNF and atherosclerosis: What is more, LPS binds with TLR4, and can induce the activation of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling, followed by the release of atherosclerosis related inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1, resulting in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in mice models fed with lipids [47, 48].