PCDHGA1 and Abnormal cardiac septum morphology: Among the protocadherin genes are the previously mentioned PCDHGA1, but also PCDHGA4, of which mutations lead to atrial septal defects [43], PCDHA9 mutations playing a role in valvular defects [73], and altered PCDHGA3 gene expression is strongly associated with reduced stroke volume and ventricular dysfunction [74].