Moreover, qRT-PCR and WB showed that the expression levels of stemness-associated biomarkers, such as OCT4, ABCG2 and SOX2 were markedly elevated in ATF5-overexpressed SW780 and UM-UC-3 cells, whereas reduced in ATF5-silenced bladder cancer cells (Fig. 2B–D). This evidence concerns the gene SOX2 and urinary bladder cancer.