In the human PD-1 and PD-L1 knock in MC38 tumor model, weekly treatment of XA-1 mRNA-LNPs at the doses of 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 mg/kg resulted in significantly enhanced tumor growth inhibition (TGI), while empty LNPs treatment exhibited no significant antitumor effect (Figure 5a). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.