TNF and infection: Regarding IFN downregulation by HSVs, recent studies have shown that many tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins, a kind of E3 ubiquitin ligases, serve as critical regulators of the innate immune response during the infection of DCs with HSV thanks to the modulation of cytokine signaling processes related to IFN-I and TNF-α, or PRRs, such as TLR and RIG-I receptors [100–102].