INS and gestational diabetes: While fasting plasma glucose on 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), HbA1c and HOMA-β (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance) of the FAO (+) groups were not significantly different from those of the FAO (−) groups in both NGT and GDM subjects, HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment for insulin secretion) of the FAO (+) group was significantly lower than those of the FAO (−) group in GDM but not in NGT subjects.