For instance, in vimentin+ cells isolated from neonatal mouse hearts and cultured in conditions to eliminate cardiomyocytes, KLF4 induces SMA levels and potentiates angiotensin II-induced collagen levels29; however, KLF4 function in renal fibrosis is controversial with studies suggesting that KLF4 is either protective or deleterious30. Here, KLF4 is linked to renal fibrosis.