KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy: This is contrary to some studies that found higher levels of education to be a risk factor for PCa development45 and the contention that males who have attained higher levels of education are more likely to undergo PSA screening.41,46,47 Harsher work environments, work stress and shift work among males with lower education might partially explain our findings in that Canadian males with lower levels of education are at higher risk for PCa and if so may be a basis for primary prevention intervention.