GPR161 and Encephalocele: The dorsal midbrain was enlarged by E15.5 (Figure 2A: lower right) and the brain herniation along with protruded meninges, which is the representative phenotypes in encephaloceles (Naidich et al., 1992), was detected in the mesencephalic ventricles of Gpr161 cKO fetuses at E17.5 (Supplementary Figure S1).