Nasal inoculation of cotton rats with a recently isolated EV-D68 strain (VANBT/1) significantly upregulated pulmonary cytokine mRNA levels (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL10, IL-6, IFN-β, and IFN-γ) and provided histological evidence of peribronchiolitis and alveolitis (34). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and hypersensitivity pneumonitis.