In addition, apigenin significantly attenuated the TNFa-induced adhesion of monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayer and TNF-a-stimulated elevation of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin-mRNA, all of which are involved in RA (159). Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.