TNF and pulmonary edema: Thus, MSCs were able to maintain the integrity of the lung microvascular barrier (Li C. et al., 2019) and reduce the formation of pulmonary edema (Gupta et al., 2007) in several models of endotoxin-induced ALI due to a down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α or MIP-2, and an increase in the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Gupta et al., 2007).