While early-life reductions in circulating IGF-1 do lead to increased lifespan, reduced IGF-1 in advanced age has multiple consequences in animal models as it increases sarcopenia, bone frailty, learning and memory deficits, and cerebrovascular dysfunction (Ashpole et al., 2015a, 2016, 2017; Toth et al., 2015; Tarantini et al., 2016a, 2021a; Farias Quipildor et al., 2019). Here, IGF1 is linked to sarcopenia.