DES and tuberculosis: As most known MTB-specific T-cell antigens are secreted proteins important in the induction of protective immune responses, and IFN-γ release is necessary for the control of bacterial growth and host survival in both humans and mice [19], we used ELISPOT assays to investigate if representative secreted CRISPR/Cas proteins (Csm1, Csm6 and Cas6, selected randomly) could provoke IFN-γ release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from active TB donors Figure 1(d), Supplementary Table 2).