TNF and cancer: Th1 stimulation also allows the production of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2) that may aid immune responses against the tumor [17,20,21], promote the formation of memory T-lymphocytes that play an important role in the long-term maintenance of the immune response [17,22], and participate in cancer cell destruction through the stimulation of macrophages [23].