CSF2 and neoplasm: In renal cancer, small patient-based studies have shown induction of cellular and humoral anti-tumour responses following CRYO plus GM-CSF [16], CRYO-induced clonal expansion of anti-tumour T cells and immune activation in ablated tissue [17] and increases in lymphocytes and Th1 cytokines with CRYO treatment, enhanced by allogeneic NK cells [18].