GALR1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: Using a human oral carcinoma cell line transformed to express GALR1, Kanazawa et al. demonstrated that galanin can bind GALR1 and suppress cell proliferation by activating extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-1/2, reducing cyclin D1 expression, and increasing cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27(Kip1) and p57(Kip2) [145].