Preclinical use of dual immunotherapy comprising an anti-TGF-β1 and an anti-PD-L1 significantly increases mouse survival [155].The authors proposed that TGF-β1, by repressing lymphocyte infiltration within the tumor, prevents the action of anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 treatment [155]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.