T cells engineered with these CARs can potentially promote anti-tumour responses in two ways: (1) by sequestering TGF-β within the TME, thus preventing its inhibitory effects on tumour-infiltrating effector cells, and (2) by producing Th1 cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 in response to TGF-β, thus converting/switching this inhibitory cytokine into an activatory signal, thus counteracting immunosuppression within the TME. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.