In a preclinical study, the ectopic expression of LKB1 induced a strong increase in PD-L1 expression in human NSCLC cells harboring KRAS mutations, whereas LKB1 knockdown decreased PD-L1 in mouse lung fibroblasts transformed with active KRAS and HPV16 E6E7 [64]. Here, KRAS is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.