Invoking observations that NF-κB expression is upregulated in human myocardial tissue in the heart failure of various etiologies, in parallel with transcriptionally regulated cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), or effector enzymes (iNOS, COX-2), the possibility of specific NF-κB inhibition treatment was proposed two decades ago [106]. Here, TNF is linked to heart failure.