TNF and congenital rubella syndrome: By contrast, CRS caused by SARS mainly leads to a release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and MCP-1, while the cytokine storm caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus has mainly involved the release of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, and IL-17 [26,27,28].