TGFB1 and heart failure: Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular pathophysiology, including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure via different systemic and tissue-specific mechanisms such as elevated nitro-oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis via transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, and the transactivation of various intracellular protein kinases such as ERKs and AKT [14,15].