The protein expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers such as E-cadherin and N-cadherin, cancer stem cell markers such as vimentin and ALDH1 and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCB1 and ABCG2, which are known to be involved in mechanisms of resistance development to cytotoxic agents, were not changed (data not shown). This evidence concerns the gene CDH2 and cancer.