TGFB1 and cancer: Apart from immunosuppressive Tregs, IL17+Foxp3+CD4+ T cells, which can be induced by TGF-β, and IL-2 were identified as a functional proinflammatory Treg subpopulation present in the mucosal tissues of patients with active UC and in patients with UC-associated cancer, but not in non-inflammatory cancers, indicating that this subset of Tregs may also play a role in CAC pathogenesis [199].