ARAF and cancer: For example, (1) Genotoxic polyketide synthase (PKS)-harboring E. coli can directly damage DNA [123]; (2) F. nucleatum mediated E-cadherin/beta-catenin signaling through FadA adhesin increases cancer probability [124]; (3) P. anaerobius induces cholesterol biosynthesis and cell proliferation through TLR2 and TLR4 pathways, leading to cancer signaling [125].