TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: While the induction of hepatic inflammation, as indicated by the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, is one of the most common toxic outcomes of MNPs in both healthy and NAFLD animals [21], the susceptibility of steatotic hepatocytes to direct MNP exposures, especially in regulating the metabolic activity of intracellular lipids, remains to be elucidated.