TGFB1 and neoplasm: In the present study, the presence of TGFβ1 (Figure 9) and CAFs (Figure 2) in tumor tissues was immunohistologically confirmed, and it was also found that RPA was multi-nodular, and the tumor border in CXPA definitely became blurred (Figure 1), which may indicate that the ECM destruction by the active MMPs already happened in those tumor tissues from patients with CXPA and RPA.