Analyzing coronary blood flow in individuals without obesity by ergospirometry and echocardiography, Kiviniemi et al. [49] observed that leptin levels correlated with waist-to-hip ratio, fat percentage, body mass index, LDL cholesterol, oxidized LDL, and apolipoprotein B. Moreover, subjects with subcutaneous adipose tissue had a stronger association with leptin concentrations than those with visceral adipose tissue. Here, APOB is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.