Many of the features of human FXS have been recapitulated in Fmr1 KO mouse and rat models, especially in 3 key areas: dendritic spine maturation [112, 127, 129, 130], elevated basal protein synthesis [127, 131, 132, 133], and behavioural/cognitive phenotypes, including ASD-like abnormalities [134], abnormalities in social interaction and interest [135], social anxiety [136], and reduced behavioural flexibility/reversal learning in a variety of tasks [127, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141]. The gene discussed is FMR1; the disease is fragile X syndrome.