LPP and infection: Indeed, the addition of BTB to Lpp-WT-infected hMDMs led to a significant reduction of the Δψm (p<0.0001) at every time point post-infection (1–10 hpi) and at the single-cell level compared to nontreated Lpp-WT-infected cells (Figure 3D), further confirming that conservation of Δψm during L. pneumophila infection is caused by induction of FO-F1-ATPase ‘reverse mode.’