LPP and infection: Our results indicated that, while the FO-F1-ATPase worked in the ‘forward mode’ in noninfected hMDMs and during infection with T4SS-deficient mutants (Lpp-ΔdotA and JR32-ΔicmT), the FOF1-ATPase worked in the ‘reverse mode’ during infection with the Lpp-WT and JR32-WT strains (Figure 2G and H).