In addition to the androgen receptor pathway, other pathways can activate the proliferation of PCa cells in the setting of castration (Leibowitz-Amit and Joshua, 2012; Kaarijärvi et al., 2021), PCa stem cell pathways (Borderud et al., 2015), changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression (Tong et al., 2009; Deng et al., 2013), and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (Dutt and Gao, 2009; Waltering et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene AR and posterior cortical atrophy.