The following covariates for the old cohort: age, education (years), gender, score on the Global Deterioration Scale [51], intake of anti-hypertensive medication, pre-existence of inflammatory disease (e.g. arthritis), intake of statins, alongside corresponding cellular readouts (Ki67, CC3, DCX, Map2) following culture with serum, was analysed using multiple regression tools. This evidence concerns the gene DCX and arthritic joint disease.