The questions that arise are: whether NMN or NR improves mitochondrial respiration and thus maintains the function of mitochondria in humans; whether NMN or NR delays or slows down the neurodegeneration progression in AD, PD, or other central nervous diseases in humans; and whether NMN or NR improves cardiovascular functions in heart failure or cardiac ischaemia in humans. The gene discussed is NTS; the disease is heart failure.