TNF and cancer: As shown in Figure 5, pathways closely associated with HCC included the VEGF signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, focal adhesion, and sphingolipid signaling pathway.