TRIM43 and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: In this work, we tested melatonin, estrogen (β-estradiol), and progesterone (medroxyprogesterone acetate) analogs on HEK293 cells that usually express very minimal levels of miR-675, and on three FSHD muscle cell lines expressing low (15A), medium (18A) and high (17A) levels of DUX4. We confirmed that each of the compounds indeed increased miR-675 in our cell culture systems and operated to decrease DUX4 and the DUX4-responsive biomarker TRIM43 expression in all cell lines tested (Fig. 9a, b).